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- <text id=93CT1890>
- <title>
- Tonga--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Australia & Oceania
- Tonga
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> The word Tonga means "south" in numerous Polynesian
- languages. Some scholars believe the inhabitants originally
- came from the islands now known as Western Samoa. Archeological
- evidence indicates that the Tonga islands have been settled
- since at least 500 B.C., and local traditions have carefully
- preserved the names of the Tongan sovereigns for about 1,000
- years. The power of the Tongan monarchy reached its height in
- the 13th century. At the time, chieftains exercised political
- influence as far away as Western Samoa.
- </p>
- <p> During the 14th century, the King of Tonga delegated much of
- his temporal power to a brother while retaining the spiritual
- authority. Sometime later, this process was repeated by the
- second royal line, thus resulting in three distinct lines: the
- Tu'i Tonga with spiritual authority, which is believed to have
- extended over much of Polynesia; the Tu'i Ha'atakalaua; and the
- Tu'i Kanokupolu. The latter two had temporal authority for
- carrying out much of the day-to-day administration of the
- kingdom.
- </p>
- <p> Dutch navigators in 1616 were the first Europeans to sight
- the Tongan archipelago. The main island of Tongatapu was first
- visited by the Dutch explorer, Abel Tasman, in 1643. Continual
- contact with Europeans, however, did not begin until more than
- 125 years later. Captain James Cook visited the islands in 1773
- and 1777 and gave the archipelago the name "the Friendly
- Islands" because of the gentle nature of the people he
- encountered. He, of course, was never aware of the acrimonious
- debate that raged among contending nobles over who should have
- the honor of attacking Cook's tiny fleet and killing its
- sailors. In 1789, the famous mutiny on the British ship,
- Bounty, took place in the waters between the Ha'apai and Nomuka
- island groups.
- </p>
- <p> Shortly after Captain Cook's last visit, warfare broke out in
- the islands as the three lines of kings contended for dominance.
- At about the same time, young Tongan nobles serving as
- mercenaries took Tongan culture to Fiji's most eastern island
- group, the Laus. The first missionaries, attached to the London
- Missionary Society, arrived in Tonga in 1747. A second
- missionary group followed in 1822, led by Walter Lawry of the
- Wesleyan Missionary Society. They converted Taufa'ahau, one of
- the claimants to the Tu'i Kanokupolu line, and Christianity
- began to spread throughout the islands.
- </p>
- <p> At the time of his conversion, Taufa'ahau took the name of
- Siaosi (George), and his consort assumed the name Salote
- (Charlotte), in honor of King George III and Queen Charlotte of
- England. In the following years, he united all of the Tongan
- islands for the first time in recorded history. In 1845, he was
- formally proclaimed King George Tupou I, and the present dynasty
- was founded. He established a constitution and a parliamentary
- government based, in some respects, on the British model. In
- 1862, he abolished the existing system of semi serfdom and
- established an entirely alien system of land tenure. Under this
- system every male Tongan, upon reaching the age of 16, was
- entitled to rent--for life and at a nominal fee--a plot of
- bush-land (api) of 8 1/4 acres, plus a village allotment of
- about three-eighths of an acre for his home.
- </p>
- <p> Tonga concluded a treaty of friendship and protection with
- the United Kingdom in 1900 and came under British protection. It
- retained its independence and autonomy, while the United Kingdom
- agreed to handle its foreign affairs and protect it from
- external attack.
- </p>
- <p> During World War II, in close collaboration with New Zealand,
- Tonga formed a local defense force of about 2,000 troops that
- saw action in the Solomon Islands. In addition, New Zealand and
- U.S. troops were stationed on Tongatapu, which became a staging
- point for shipping.
- </p>
- <p> A new treaty of friendship and protection with the United
- Kingdom, signed in 1958 and ratified in May 1959, provided for a
- British Commissioner and consul in Tonga who were responsible to
- the Governor of Fiji in his capacity as British Chief
- Commissioner for Tonga. In mid-1965 the British Commissioner and
- consul became directly responsible to the U.K. Secretary of
- State for Colonial Affairs. Tonga became fully independent on
- June 4, 1970, an event officially designated by the King as
- Tonga's "reentry into the comity of nations."
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> There are no political parties in Tonga. The people's
- representatives in the Legislative Assembly are elected as
- independents--three from the Tongatapu island group and two
- each from the Ha'apai and Vava'u groups.
- </p>
- <p> For most of the 20th century Tonga has been quiet, inward-
- looking, and somewhat isolated from developments elsewhere in
- the world. The Tongans, as a whole, continue to cling to many of
- their old traditions, including a respect for the nobility.
- Tonga's complex social structure is essentially broken into
- three tiers: the king, the nobles, and the commoners. Between
- the king, nobles, and commoners are Matapule, sometimes called
- "talking chiefs," who are associated with the king or a noble
- and who may or may not hold estates. Obligations and
- responsibilities are reciprocal, and although the nobility are
- able to extract favors from people living on their estates,
- they likewise must extend favors to their people. Status and
- rank play a powerful role in personal relationships, even
- within families.
- </p>
- <p> Tongans are beginning to confront the problem of how to
- preserve their cultural identity and traditions in the wake of
- the increasing impact of Western technology and culture.
- Migration and the gradual monetization of the economy have led
- to the breakdown of the traditional extended family. Some of the
- poor, supported by the extended family, are now being left
- without visible means of support.
- </p>
- <p> Educational opportunities for young commoners have advanced,
- and their increasing political awareness has stimulated some
- dissent against the nobility system. In addition, the rapidly
- increasing population is already too great to provide the
- constitutionally mandated 8 1/4 acre api for each male at age
- 16. In mid-1982, population density was 134 persons per square
- kilometer. Because of these factors, there is considerable
- pressure to move to the kingdom's only urban center or to
- emigrate.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, June
- 1988.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-